The Balance Sheet — What a Company Owns and Owes

The Equation That Always Balances

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

This is the entire balance sheet in one line. Whatever a company owns was paid for either with borrowed money (liabilities) or owner's money (equity). It always balances — that's why it's called a balance sheet.

Reading It Like a Pro

The balance sheet is split into "current" (within 12 months) and "long-term."

Assets (top half): - Current: cash, accounts receivable, inventory - Long-term: property, equipment, goodwill, patents

Liabilities + Equity (bottom half): - Current liabilities: accounts payable, short-term debt - Long-term liabilities: bonds, long-term loans - Equity: common stock + retained earnings

Three Quick Health Checks

1. Can they pay the bills?

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

• >2: very safe
• 1-2: healthy
• <1: warning — they may struggle to cover short-term obligations

2. How much debt are they carrying?

Debt-to-Equity = Total Debt / Equity

• <0.5: conservative
• 0.5-1:5: typical
• >2: highly leveraged — riskier in downturns

Compare to the industry. Utilities and banks naturally carry more debt; software companies usually carry less.

3. Is the company creating shareholder value?

Retained Earnings is the cumulative profit the company has reinvested in itself rather than paying out as dividends. Growing retained earnings over many years = the business is genuinely compounding.

Goodwill — The Sneaky Line

When one company buys another for more than its book value, the difference goes on the balance sheet as goodwill. A balance sheet that's mostly goodwill should make you suspicious — it's just the price of past deals, not real productive assets. If those deals turn out badly, goodwill gets written down, hammering earnings.

The income statement shows the flow of money. The balance sheet shows the stock of it. Profitable companies with weak balance sheets fail every recession. Always check both.